Solar Panel Series and Parallel Calculator

Use our solar panel series and parallel calculator & discover the ideal way to wire your solar panels for an optimized camper solar setup.

Our comprehensive guide provides practical step-by-step guidance using clear diagrams and personal experience.

Depending on the number of solar panels and their sizes, you could have multiple wiring configuration options.

This calculator allows you to enter up to three different panel specs and as many of those panels as you want.

Enter the details, and we’ll calculate the total power output, voltage, and current they could produce when wired:

• in series,
• in parallel,
• in combination, with each panel spec wired in series, then all series groups wired together in parallel,
• in combination, with each panel spec wired in parallel, then all parallel groups wired together in series.

How to Use Our Solar Panel Configuration Calculator

Step 1: Get the Solar Panel’s Specification

First, you’ll need to locate the solar panel’s specifications.

It’s usually found on a label on the back of the solar panel.

The label contains crucial information about the panel, including its manufacturer, model number, and electrical characteristics such as:

• maximum power output (Pmax),
• voltage at maximum power (Vmp),
• current at maximum power (Imp),
• open-circuit voltage (Voc), and
• short-circuit current (Isc).

Step 2: Enter the Solar Panel’s Voltage

Next, you’ll need to enter the solar panel’s voltage into the calculator.

The label typically lists this as ‘Vmp’ or ‘Voltage at Max Power.’

This specification shows the voltage the panel produces when operating under optimal conditions.

Make sure to use the Vmp value rather than the Voc or ‘Open Circuit Voltage,’ which is the panel’s voltage when not connected to an electrical circuit.

Step 3: Enter the Solar Panel’s Current

The third step involves entering the solar panel’s current into the calculator.

Like the voltage, this information can be found on the label.

It’s typically listed as ‘Imp’ or ‘Current at Max Power’.

This is the current that the panel produces under optimal conditions.

Again, make sure you’re using the Imp value and not the Isc or ‘Short Circuit Current,’ which is the current the panel produces when its output terminals are shorted.

Step 4: Enter the Quantity of Solar Panels with the Exact Specification

Now, enter the number of solar panels with the exact same specifications that you plan to install in your solar array.

For example, if installing three 200W panels, you’d enter ‘3’ into the calculator.

You’ll need to calculate each type separately if you’re using different panels in your array.

Step 5: If Using Additional Panels with Different Specifications, Enter Those Panels on a Separate Line

If your solar array includes additional panels with different specifications, enter those panels on a separate line in the calculator.

Remember, it’s important only to enter each specification on one line, or your calculations will be skewed.

For instance:

• if you’re installing three 200W panels and one 100W panel, you’d enter the specification for the 200W panels on one line and the 100W panel on another line.
• or if you’re installing four 100W panels, and three have identical Imp and Vmp, and one is different, you’d enter the specifications for the three identical panels on one line and the specification for the different panel on another line.

Accurate data entry is crucial when using this solar panel series and parallel calculator.

Always double-check your entries to ensure they match the specifications listed on your solar panels’ label.

Step 6: Interpreting the Results

Once you’ve carefully entered all the necessary data into the calculator, it’s time to interpret the results.

The calculator will provide multiple wiring configurations and their corresponding power output, voltage, and current.

This section will explain these results and help you choose the optimal solar panel wiring configuration for your specific needs.

Maximum Total Power Output

The Solar Panel Series and Parallel Calculator will display the maximum total power output from all panels.

That represents the maximum power they could produce if wired in the most optimum configuration.

All Panels Wired in Series

This section displays what the solar array could output in voltage, current, and total power if all solar panels are wired in series.

The % loss indicates any loss compared to the array’s maximum total power output.

All Panels Wired in Parallel

This section displays what the solar array could output in voltage, current, and total power if all solar panels are wired in parallel.

The % loss indicates any loss compared to the array’s maximum total power output.

Mixed configuration – Each spec wired in series, then all wired together in parallel

This section displays what the solar array could output in voltage, current, and total power if all identical solar panels are wired in series, then the series are wired in parallel.

The % loss indicates any loss compared to the array’s maximum total power output.

Mixed configuration – Each spec wired in parallel, then all wired together in series

This section displays what the solar array could output in voltage, current, and total power if all identical solar panels are wired in parallel, and then the parallel arrays are wired in series.

The % loss indicates any loss compared to the array’s maximum total power output.

Consider Removing a Solar Panel

Your results may include a notice to consider removing a solar panel from the array.

That’s because when solar panels with different electrical characteristics are wired in series or in mixed configurations, the output of the entire array can be hindered by the weaker panel.

In a series or mixed configuration, the current (Ampere) through the entire circuit is determined by the panel with the lowest current.

So, if a panel has a lower current due to its specification, it can reduce the overall performance of the array.

When the calculator identifies this issue, it suggests removing the underperforming panel from the array and recalculating it.

If a notable improvement occurs and you still want to include the weaker panel, the calculator recommends installing it with a dedicated solar charge controller.

This allows the panel to operate independently of the other panels, preventing it from negatively affecting the overall array’s performance.

How to Calculate Solar Panel Output with Multiple Panels

There are three different ways of wiring multiple solar panels on your RV camper:

• In series
• In parallel
• A combination of series & parallel

We’ll look at each of these in turn before comparing.

Solar Panels Wired in Series

Each solar panel has a positive and a negative terminal. A series connection is created when one panel’s positive terminal is connected to the negative terminal of another.

When solar panels are wired in series, the array’s voltage is added together while the current (or amps) stays the same.

In the diagram above, 4 x 100w panels, each with a rated voltage of 17.9 and current of 5.72A, wired in series could produce 71.6 volts and 5.72 amps – a total of 409 watts.

Note, solar panels’ wattage is rated under standard test conditions. So, for example, these 100w panels will provide 100w then but slightly more in colder temperatures.

Read more: How To Wire Solar Panels In Series

Solar Panels Wired in Parallel

A parallel connection is created when the positive terminal of one panel is connected to the positive terminal of another, and the negative terminals are connected to each other.

The connections are made with branch connectors. 

When solar panels are wired in parallel, the array’s voltage stays the same while the current (or amps) are added together. 

In the diagram above, 4 x 100w panels, each with a rated voltage of 17.9 and current of 5.72A, wired in parallel could produce 17.9 volts and 22.8 amps – a total of 409 watts.

Read more: How To Wire Solar Panels In Parallel

Solar Panels Wired in a Combination of Series & Parallel

There are no surprises for figuring out what wiring solar panels in a combination of series and parallel means.

Taking the same 4 x 100 watt panels, you’d wire a pair in one string (i.e. in series), the 2nd pair in another string, then wire the two strings in parallel.

When solar panels are wired in a combination of series and parallel, the voltage in each string is added together while the current (or amps) stays the same.

Then, the two strings’ voltage stays the same while the current (or amps) are added together.

In the diagram above, 4 x 100w panels, each with a rated voltage of 17.9 and current of 5.72A:

• The 1st pair of panels wired in series could produce 35.8 volts and 5.72 amps
• The 2nd pair of panels wired in series could produce 35.8 volts and 5.72 amps
• These two strings wired in parallel could produce 35.8 volts and 11.44 amps – a total of 409 watts.

When the solar panels in the array are all the same, the power output is the same regardless of how they are wired (at least mathematically), but the current and voltage differ.

It’s important when it comes to selecting a solar charge controller for your RV camper.

But there are two caveats to all of this. 

1. Firstly, the calculations only hold when all the solar panels in the array are the same. 
2. Secondly, the power output calculations are based on optimal operating conditions.

Read more: Download our free interactive Solar Panel Wiring Diagram pdf

Is Wiring Solar Panels in Series vs. Parallel Best? 

Solar panels can be configured in two primary ways: in series or parallel. 

The series configuration increases voltage and is particularly beneficial under varying light conditions.

The parallel setup boosts current, optimizing power output when sunlight is abundant. 

However, each comes with challenges and benefits, from handling shade to compatibility with different panel types and sizes.

The choice between series and parallel isn’t black-and-white. 

Factors such as shading and the specific characteristics of your panels all come into play. 

For instance, while series wiring can extend battery charging times, it may require a larger and more expensive charge controller. 

On the other hand, parallel wiring reduces the impact of shading and allows for easier panel replacement but might involve a more complex installation process.

Now, if you’re eager to delve deeper into the intricacies of solar panel wiring and how to maximize efficiency, we have an in-depth article that explores these configurations in detail. 

It provides valuable insights into balancing voltage and power output loss, dealing with real-world conditions like shade and temperature variations, and much more. 

Read more: Solar Panel Series vs Parallel Connections: Understanding the Differences

Dealing With Mismatched Solar Panels

When dealing with mismatched solar panels, the wiring configuration plays a significant role in determining the efficiency of your solar array. 

Whether you choose to wire your panels in series, parallel, or a hybrid of both, each method has advantages and potential drawbacks. 

For instance, while series wiring boosts voltage, it matches the lowest amperage. 

On the other hand, parallel wiring enhances the current but matches the lowest voltage. 

It’s crucial to match voltage and current as closely as possible when mixing different solar panel brands, types, or wattages. 

Mismatched panels could lead to significant power loss, irrespective of the wiring configuration. 

However, you can mitigate this by separating different solar panels into arrays with no mismatched panels, each with a dedicated solar charge controller.

Now, if you’re interested in finding out more, check out our comprehensive information about dealing with mixing solar panels. 

This guide will equip you with the knowledge to make informed decisions about your solar setup. 

Read more: Mixing Solar Panels: Dealing with Mismatched Solar Panels

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In Conclusion

We aim to get the best combination of watts (power out) and voltage to spend more time off-grid and make our batteries last longer.

The intricate world of solar panel wiring offers a myriad of possibilities, each with its unique blend of advantages and challenges. 

Whether you opt for series wiring, parallel, or a combination of both, depends largely on your specific circumstances – the type and number of panels you have, the characteristics of your installation site, and your energy needs. 

Remember, while the process may seem daunting, the key to maximizing the efficiency of your solar array lies in understanding these fundamental concepts and making informed decisions. 

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